How to Calculate the Density of a Gas

If the  molecular mass  of a gas  is known, the ideal gas law can be manipulated to find the density of the gas. Its just a matter of plugging in the right variables and performing a few calculations. Key Takeaways: How to Calculate Gas Density Density is defined as mass per unit volume.If you happen to know how much gas you have and its volume, the calculation is easy. Usually, you only have implied information and need to use the ideal gas law to find the missing bits.The ideal gas law is PV nRT, so if you know enough values, you can calculate volume (V) or the number of moles (n). Sometimes you then have to convert number of moles to grams.The ideal gas law may be used to approximate the behavior of real gases, but there is always a bit of error in the result. How to Calculate Gas Density What is the density of a gas with molar mass 100 g/mol at 0.5 atm and 27 degrees Celsius? Before you begin, keep in mind what youre looking for as an answer in terms of units. Density is defined as mass per unit volume, which can be expressed in terms of grams per liter or grams per milliliter. You may need to do unit conversions. Keep on the lookout for unit mismatches when you plug values into equations. First, start with the ideal gas law: PV nRT where P pressure,  V volume,  n number of moles of gas,  R gas constant 0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K, and  T absolute temperature  (in Kelvin). Examine the units of R carefully. This is where many people get into trouble. Youll get an incorrect answer if you enter a temperature in Celsius or pressure in Pascals, etc. Always use atmosphere for pressure, liters for volume, and Kelvin for temperature. To find the density of the gas, you  need to know the mass of the gas and the volume. First, find the volume. Here is the ideal gas law equation rearranged to solve for V: V nRT/P After you have found the volume, you must find the mass. The number of moles is the place to start. The number of moles is the mass (m) of the gas divided by its molecular mass (MM): n m/MM Substitute this mass value into the volume equation in place of n: V mRT/MM ·P Density (Ï ) is mass per volume. Divide both sides by m: V/m RT/MM ·P Then invert the equation: m/V MM ·P/RTÏ  MM ·P/RT Now you have the ideal gas law rewritten in a form you can use with the information you were given. To find the density of the gas, just plug in the values of the known variables. Remember to use absolute temperature for T: 27 degrees Celsius   273 300 KelvinÏ  (100 g/mol)(0.5 atm)/(0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K)(300 K) Ï  2.03 g/L The density of the gas is 2.03 g/L at 0.5 atm and 27 degrees Celsius. How to Decide If You Have a Real Gas The ideal gas law is written for ideal or perfect gases. You can use values for real gases so long as they act like ideal gases. To use the formula for a real gas, it must be at low pressure and low temperature. Increasing pressure or temperature raises the kinetic energy of the gas  and forces the molecules to interact. While the ideal gas law can still offer an approximation under these conditions, it becomes less accurate when molecules are close together and excited.

An Alternative Hero Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart

Jeremy Pilz Mrs. Cloud Things Fall Apart Essay 27 March 2017 An Alternative Hero An archetype in literature expresses â€Å"a realm of human experience in many myths and fantasy stories† that can go deeper than â€Å"any rational or intellectual thinking† (Gillespie). The archetype of the monomyth, or â€Å"The Hero’s Journey† first originated from a mythological researcher named Joseph Campbell. The monomyth consists of â€Å"several basic stages that almost every hero-quest goes through, no matter what culture the myth is a part of† (Hamby). The Hero’s journey is vaguely apparent in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, which depicts the African clan leader, Okonkwo, as the archetypal hero. Achebe reveals throughout the novel that Okonkwo’s ability to†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo does successfully fulfil the fourth stage of â€Å"The Hero’s journey, that is, â€Å"Meeting with the Mentor†. The mentor Okonkwo meets with is Nwakibie. Nwakibie gives Okonkwo â€Å"twice four hundred yamsà ¢â‚¬  in order for him to prepare his farm (Achebe 22). Following this meeting, Okonkwo continues to pursue his quest to claim a title and wealth. Even during the difficult harvest Okonkwo â€Å"threw himself into it like one possessed† and was â€Å"possessed by the fear of his father s contemptible life and shameful death† (Achebe 18). Okonkwo was accepting the quest wholeheartedly because he did not want to leave a weak legacy as his father had. The next stage that Okonkwo enters are the â€Å"Tests†. Okonkwo meets Ikemefuna and becomes â€Å"fond of the boy ‒ inwardly of course†(Achebe 28). This budding relationship as well as the influence of the Oracle advising for the death of Ikemefuna provides a â€Å"Test† for Okonkwo to deal with. When it came to decide, Okonkwo decided to â€Å"cut [Ikemefuna] down† (Achebe 61). Even though Okonkwo had this promising relationship with Ikemefuna, the idea that Okonkwo was â€Å"afraid of being thought weak† like his father influenced his decision. Okonkwo thus failed this stage of the monomyth. â€Å"Tests† are used to transform the hero or â€Å"make them stronger†(Hamby). In this instance Okonkwo did not transform, he continued to want to be strong and wealthy in order to trump the legacy of hisShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart2170 Words   |  9 Pageswidespread influence of Chinua Achebe’s novel Thing s Fall Apart not only has earned it a number of accolades, but also led to its reputation as one of the most influential works of fiction by an African writer of all time. According to an article from the Chronicle of Higher Education, the novel has sold about eleven million copies in fifty different countries, was a part of Harold Bloom’s 1994 selection of the canonical works of world literature, and The Sunday Times named Achebe one of the â€Å"1,000 makersRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe3287 Words   |  14 PagesChinua Achebe’s postcolonial novel Things Fall Apart was first published in 1958 and narrates the fall of a great Ibo (Nigerian) warrior, Okwonko, after the arrival of white colonialists. Tony Harrison’s Selected Poems was published in 2006 and includes poems taken from his renowned sonnet sequence School of Eloquence, which draw upon Harrison’s own upbringing and pay tribute to the challenges of the British working class. Finall y William Golding’s dystopian novel Lord of the Flies, first publishedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesglobalization, both of which can be seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuries suggests the need for flexibility in demarcating phases of world history, and for determining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary

Green Pepper free essay sample

It is an important vegetable crop all over the world (Peet, 2006) which ranks third in the world vegetable cycle after tomato and onions (Akin Fasoye, 2006). It is estimated that more than 7. 5million acres of Capsicum are grown around the world (Peet, 2003) mostly in the tropics and subtropics (Aliyu, 2000) such as Malaysia, East Africa, Central and West Africa, Carribeans and Philippines. The crop is believed to have originated from the southern tropical America’s probably in Mexico where its domestication occurred around 2000BC. In Nigeria green pepper has been grown for many years by peasant farmers in the northern part of the country (Olarewaju and Showemino, 2003). Nigeria is the fifth in the world pepper production (USDA, 2001) with over 630,000metric tonnes (Muhamman and Auwalu, 2009). Green Pepper thrives best in warm climate, where frost is not a problem during the growing seasons. In general, it requires temperatures ranging from 25-35 °C (Olalla and Valero, 1994). Peppers thrive in a wide range of soil types, but good drainage is essential. The soil should be worked over to break up large clods and any hardpan that prevents good drainage. A soil pH of 5. 5 –7. 0 is desirable. Green peppers are less sweet and slightly bitter than yellow, orange, purple or red peppers. The taste of ripe peppers can also vary with growing conditions and post-harvest storage treatment. Green pepper is widely grown in the northern parts of Nigeria as a result of its uses and application which in turns increases demand and consumption of the vegetable. However, the vegetable is considered as medicinal plant in some parts of Nigeria. All these values have led to developing technically-based precision farming of green pepper so as to boost the production in order to match its increasing demand. 1. 0. 1 Uses of Green pepper Bell peppers are a delicious vegetable that can be enjoyed either raw or cooked. When served raw, bell peppers have a crisp texture that lends itself to salads and makes a perfect complement to dips. When bell peppers are cooked they take on a smoky, sweetness that enhances many dishes. . 0. 2 Health Benefits Bell peppers are an outstanding source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients. These phytonutrients include flavonoids (luteolin, quercetin, hesperidin) and hydroxycinnamic acids (especially ferulic and cinnamic acids). But the hallmark phytonutrient group found in bell peppers is the carotenoid family, with more than 30 different carotenoids being provided by this vegetable. Included in bell pepp er carotenoids are alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Bell peppers are an excellent source of antioxidants vitamin A and C as well as nerve-supportive vitamin B6. Bell peppers are a very good source of heart-healthy fiber, vitamin E, folate, potassium, and vitamin K as well as the enzyme-supportive molybdenum. They are a good source of bone-building manganese and magnesium, energy-producing vitamins B1, B2, B3 and B5. Bell peppers contain very high amounts of vitamin C and Vitamin A. One cup of raw, red bell peppers supplies roughly 290 percent of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C and 105 percent of the RDA for vitamin A (www. ikepedia. com). Bell peppers also contain significant amounts of vitamin B 6 and dietary fiber. 1. 0. 3 Production of Green Peppers Pepper are crops that lend themselves to small-scale and part-time farming operations. All pepper plants are generally quite hardy and are easily grown and propagated in gardens. The plants also do very well in container gardens and other non-traditional cropping arrangemen ts. This can help with local marketing during periods of the year when fresh exotic produce is less readily available. In larger production systems, many field operations, such as land preparation, planting and harvesting, can be custom hired, and any equipment owned by the grower can be used for other ornamental plant or vegetable production operations. A typical field of fresh-market peppers is harvested by hand every week or so over the course of about a month. Most of the crop is sold as mature green peppers, but growers receive a premium for a limited amount of other colours. (For example, red bell peppers are actually the mature stage of green bell peppers that have been allowed to ripen on the vine). The premium reflects the fact that bright-coloured bell peppers (red, yellow, orange, purple, brown and black) are more costly to produce (field losses are higher and yields are lower) than those harvested at the green stage. Shippers apply a food-grade wax to the majority of commercially produced peppers to reduce moisture loss and scuffing during marketing. This can also extend storage life, which under ideal conditions can range up to 3 weeks. Produced and marketed year round, bell peppers are usually sold as fresh produce. 1. 0. 4 Marketing of Green Peppers Competitive intensity within the pepper production industry is extremely varied. A few large growers may influence a considerable share of domestic distribution to major national or regional grocery chains and processors. However, these same growers may have little impact on farmers market and similar local sales outlets. Several basic marketing alternatives are available to green pepper growers. These include sales to coops, local retailers (grocery stores including ethnic-group-specific grocers), wholesale marketers or processing firms. Other alternatives include direct sales to consumers at roadside produce stands or pick-your-own operations. Local grocery or retail stores are another possible market, but this involves contacting produce or inventory managers and reliably providing high-quality peppers or pepper-derived product on a regular or pre-arranged basis. With respect to wholesale marketing, producers often contract with shippers to market and ship their peppers for a predetermined price. If a grower does not use a contractor and ships the peppers directly to the wholesaler, the product is subject to the greatest price fluctuation. Marketing cooperatives generally use a pooled daily cost and price, which spreads price fluctuations over all participating producers. Roadside stands and pick-your-own operations provide opportunities to receive higher than wholesale prices but may demand additional expenses for advertising or maintaining and staffing the facility. Additionally, for the small producer, this may demand a considerable time commitment. Pick-your-own operations save on harvest costs, but there may be additional wastage as well as time and personnel demands. 1. 1 Problem Statement Production of green pepper in Nigeria is quite cheaper, efficient and less laborious during the periods of the rainy season as the crop thrives best when there is frequent supply of water, especially during its flowering stage. This, however, certainly leads to glut in the green pepper market during the rainy season, leading to lower prices, and a scarcity during the dry season making it necessary for production during the dry season using artificial irrigation so as to make more profit. In swamp areas or along water bodies, dry season green pepper production will be feasible. However, areas without swamp lands and nearby water bodies will depend on pipe borne water (where it is available) for irrigating the farm. Furthermore, several studies have been carried out so as to determine the influence, significance and relevance of organic manure in green pepper production, but little or no research has been carried out in the area of dry season green pepper production using inorganic fertilizer. This research is therefore carried out so as to study the economics of dry season green pepper production using inorganic fertilizers only. 1. 2 Objectives of the Study The broad objective of the study is to evaluate the economics of artificially irrigated green pepper production using inorganic fertilizer only. However, the specific objectives of the research are to: a)determine green pepper production system b)determine the cost of irrigation, and other farming operations, such as weeding, fertilizer application, harvesting, and subsequent returns in dry season green pepper production in Nsukka agricultural zone; c)identify major constraint in the use of only inorganic fertilizer in green pepper production; and, d)make recommendations based on findings. . 3 Justification of the Study This study will provide information for policy makers and researchers on the input – output data of artificially irrigated green pepper production using inorganic fertilizers, thereby facilitating decision making. Secondly, Information on dry season production of green pepper will be beneficial to green pepper farmers because increased adoption of dry season gr een pepper production will result to an increased level of income for the farmers as the crop is mostly produced during the rainy season. Furthermore, Information on the use of inorganic fertilizer alone in the production of green pepper will aid farmers who would like to enter into the enterprise to make adequate input decisions. This research will also study the yield and profitability of green pepper in the eastern part of Nigeria (Nsukka agricultural zone) as the crop is mostly produced in the northern part of Nigeria such as Jos. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, literature will be reviewed under the following headings: †¢Green pepper production system †¢Costs and returns †¢Constraints to green pepper production . 0 Green Pepper Production System Peppers are usually transplanted but can be direct seeded. Transplanting offers several advantages over field seeding: weed control is much easier; fruit set occurs before high summer temperatures develop; a field stand is much easier to obtain using transplants. Capsicum Seed rate is 0. 5kg/ha in the nursery and 1kg/ha when directly sown. Fiel d establishment site should be well prepared; manure and basic fertilizer should be applied. It is also noteworthy that water use of pepper must be accurately maintained for its growth, development and yield. This could be achieved by uniform water application. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil. It is applied to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes and re-vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost (Snyder and Melo-Abreu,2005), suppressing weed growing in grain fields (Williams et al, 2007) and helping in preventing soil consolidation. Various types of rrigation techniques differ on how the water obtained from the source is distributed within the field, irrigation design mechanism, cost and technicalities. Sprinkler irrigation systems are increasingly being used in crop production in South-West of Nigeria. Sprinkler irrigation systems apply water directly to the surface of the crop as well as the soil around the roots of the crop. Studies have shown that sprinkler irrigation systems red uce the water use of crop by about 50% compared to that under seepage system (Pitts and Clark, 1991). 2. 0. 1 Nursery operations: The soil should be prepared to a fine tilth and all trash and clods removed. Well-cured manure should then be incorporated. Before sowing in the nursery, the soil should be irrigated thoroughly using a rose sieve. Scatter the seeds evenly over the media and cover with saw dust or sand. After sowing, the beds should be covered with either a Hessian cloth or grass mulch. A shade net or another material should be used to provide shade. Watering can be done daily during the morning or the evening using a rose sieve. But, it is always advisable to check the moisture content before irrigation twice daily. Germination is likely from the sixth day onward. Once germination begins, the cloth or mulch should be removed leaving about 50-percent to 70-percent shade. Watering pattern remains same. In the last week before transplanting, remove all shade, reduce watering frequency and apply root guard. 2. 0. 2 Main Site Operations 2. 0. 21 Site selection Bell peppers prefer deep, fertile, well-drained soils. Avoid planting in low-lying fields next to creeks and rivers since these sites are subject to high humidity and moisture conditions and, therefore, especially prone to bacterial spot epidemics. Producers should also avoid fields where long-residual corn or soybean herbicides have been used, since herbicide carry-over can cause serious injury to peppers. Green pepper fields should be located as far away from tobacco plantings as possible due to potential spread of aphid-vectored viruses from tobacco to peppers. It is also advisable not to grow peppers after other solanaceous crops (such as tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants) or vine crops for a period of three years since all of these crops are susceptible to some of the same diseases. The following considerations should be made: Well draining soils and medium to heavy soils ? such as clay loams or sandy loams are suitable. †¢PH level ranging from 5. 3-6. 8 is ideal. †¢If possible, a site near a water source is ideal. †¢Ideal topography is relatively level. †¢Sloped land can also be used with proper contouring. The following operations should be carried out before transplanting is done: †¢Dis c plough 8 inches deep or more 2-3 weeks before transplanting. Use a jembe, animal-drawn plough or tractor-drawn plough. †¢Harrowing should be done to achieve a fine surface 2 to 3 weeks after ploughing. †¢Make beds 1 meter wide and any length, depending on the length of the field. . 0. 22 Transplanting Transplanting is carried out when the seedlings attain at least 4 true leaves stage. Only healthy and disease-free plants should be transplanted. Pepper transplants can be set by machine or hand. Firm the soil around the roots and apply a starter fer ¬tilizer solution for quick plant recovery. Transplanting involves the following processes: †¢At four weeks old, begin the hardening process (by reducing watering frequency, removing shade, etc. ) †¢One hour before transplanting, wet the nursery. †¢Transplant in the evening to reduce shock. The plants should be six weeks old. Depth of about 3-4cm is adequate †¢Sweet peppers can be spaced at 30 to 60 centim eters apart by 60 to 90 centimeters apart. †¢There are various starter solutions available that can be used at planting time to enhance start-up. Starter solutions include root guard and kickstart. Transplanting must be delayed until the danger of late spring frost is past to avoid frost injury. Transplanting peppers through black plastic mulch will increase early plant growth and promote earlier production. A premium price must be expected from the early production to offset the added production expense from using plastic mulch. . 0. 23 Crop management At planting, phosphorus and fertilizer should be added. The soil acidity will determine a suitable fertilizer. A top dressing should follow with a nitrogen fertilizer three weeks after planting followed by another top dressing around the flowering stage. Irrigate peppers with moderate amounts of water since they root 3 to 4 feet deep but have many shallow roots. Irrigate to maintain uniform soil moisture to promote uniform growt h and fruit setting. Long dry periods may cause plants to shed flowers and small fruits. Plants are likely to make a slow recovery after drought injury. Over-irrigation promotes Phytophthora and other root-rotting organisms. The field should always be weed free, thus regular weeding is necessary. Shallow mechanical cultivation and hand hoeing are needed to control weeds. Pruning roots with cultivating equipment slows plant development, reduces yield and pro ¬motes blossom end rot. Several pre-emergence herbicides are available that will control germinating weeds and grasses in transplanted peppers if used properly (OSU Extension Facts No. 6008). Mulching helps to reduce weed pressure, helps retain moisture and also helps maintain soil fertility. 2. 0. 4 Harvest and post-harvest handling At 2? to 3 months after transplanting, the sweet pepper will be ready for picking and can be done for another 2 to 3 months. The minimum fruit size at picking should be about two and a half inch diameter and two and a half inch length. They should be full grown and feel firm and crisp when squeezed. Fruits are snapped off by hand and carried from th e field in buckets or sacks. Pepper plants have brittle branches that break easily during harvest. Use care during harvest to avoid yield reduction due to plant damage. Harvest should be done at regular intervals to maintain production. Grade and remove pods showing sunscald, disease, or damage. Mar ¬ketable peppers should be carefully wiped with a soft cloth to remove soil and dust. Do not wash to minimize fruit rot after harvest. If peppers are to be sold on the fresh market, grow ¬ers should pack in the type container desired by their market. Thirty pound cartons are commonly used containers. Mature green peppers hold best at temperatures between 45 ° and 50 °F. It should not be held at temperatures below 45 °F. Un ¬der the best conditions peppers can be stored for about 2 weeks. Green bell peppers are hand-harvested for fresh arket when they are at the mature green stage. Coloured or specialty bell peppers are allowed to fully ripen on the plant. Coloured peppers generally weigh more than green fruit. Fruit must be handled carefully to prevent skin breakage and punctures that could lead to decay. Cooling peppers as soon after harvest as possible will extend their shelf life. Once the fruit is cooled, peppers can be stored for two to three weeks under the proper conditions. Peppers are usually packed in 11/9 bushel waxed corrugated cartons (33 pounds) or according to the preference of your particular market/buyer. 2. Costs and Returns Initial investments include land preparation and the purchase of seeds or transplants. Additional start-up costs can include the installation of an irrigation system and black plastic mulch. Production will require approximately 25 hours per acre while harvest needs are 125 hours per acre. Grading and packing require another 75 hours per acre. Black plastic removal (postharvest) will require an additional 10 hours per acre. 2? to 3 months after transplanting, the sweet pepper will be ready for picking and can be done for another 2 to 3 months. Costs and returns analysis table: 1 HECTARE ItemQuantityUnitRate /UnitValue(PHP) I. Gross income Production yield20,000kgPHP 40. 00PHP800,000. 00 TOTALPHP800,000. 00 I. Expenses A. Operating expenses 1. )Labor Land preparation 1stPlowing6MADPHP 500. 00PHP 3,000. 00 1stHarrowing4MADPHP 500. 00PHP 2,000. 00 2ndPlowing4MADPHP 500. 00PHP 2,000. 00 2ndHarrowing4MADPHP 500. 00PHP 2,000. 00 Furrowing2MADPHP 500. 00PHP 1,000. 00 Seedbed preparation and care of seedlings12MDPHP 200. 00PHP 2,400. 00 Transplanting20MDPHP 200. 00PHP 4,000. 00 Fertilizer Application16MDPHP 200. 00PHP 3,200. 00 Weeding16MDPHP 200. 00PHP 3,200. 00 Cultivation4MDPHP 200. 00PHP 800. 00 Spraying20MDPHP 200. 00PHP 4,000. 00 Irrigation20MDPHP 200. 00PHP 4,000. 00 Harvesting and Hauling150MDPHP 200. 00PHP 30,000. 00 TOTAL LABOR COSTSPHP 61,600. 00 2. )Material Inputs Seeds800gramPHP1,050/25gPHP 33,600. 00 Fertilizer Urea4bagPHP 1,100. 00PHP 4,400. 00 14-14-144bagPHP 1,120. 00PHP 4,480. 00 Organic Fertilizer33bagPHP 250. 00PHP 8,250. 00 Foliar Fertilizer4literPHP 350. 00PHP 1,400. 00 0-0-608bagPHP 2,000. 00PHP 16,000. 00 20-0-0-254bagPHP 1,000. 00PHP 4,000. 00 Chemicals Sevin1kgPHP 780. 00PHP 780. 00 Decis R2literPHP 700. 00PHP 1,400. 00 TOTAL MATERIAL INPUT COSTSPHP 74,310. 00 3. )Irrigation expensePHP 2,415. 0 TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSESPHP 138,325. 00 B. Overhead expense Land chargePHP 10,350. 00 Interest on capitalPHP 12,607. 00 TOTAL OVERHEAD EXPENSESPHP 22,957. 00 I. TOTAL EXPENSESPHP 161,282. 00 II. NET INCOMEPHP 638,718. 00 III. RETURN ABOVE VARIABLE COST PHP 651,483. 00 IV. RETURN ON TOTAL EXPENSES (%) 396. 03% V. AVERAGE PRODUCTION COST(P/KG) P8. 06/kg VI. BREAKE VEN YIELD (KG)4,032 kg Abbreviations: MD man day, number of days that a man would require to complete the operation in one growing season MAD man animal day, number of days a man and his animal to complete the operation in one growing season. Source: Prof. Abner C. Quiambao, Bryan R. Cruz Institute of Agriculture Systems and Technology DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Pampanga Agricultural College, Magalang, Pampanga 2012 2. 2 Constraints to Green Pepper Production Bell pepper (Capsicum annum. Var. grossum) is one of the highly remunerative vegetables cultivated in most parts of the World. It has attained a status of high value crop in recent years and occupies a pride of place among vegetables because of its high ascorbic acid and other vitamins and minerals. It also finds a place in preparations like pizza, stuffing and burger with the growing popularity of fast foods. The high market price it fetches is attributed to heavy demand from the urban consumers. Despite its economic importance, growers are not in a position to produce good quality capsicum with high productivity due to various biotic (pest and diseases), abiotic (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and light intensity) and crop factors (flower and fruit drop). Due to erratic behavior of weather, the crops grown in open field are often exposed to fluctuating levels of temperature, humidity, wind flow etc. hich ultimately affect the crop productivity adversely (Ochigbu and Harris, 1989). Besides this, limited availability of land for cultivation hampers the vegetable production. Hence, to obtain a good quality produce and production during off season, there is a need to cultivate capsicum under protected conditions such as green house, poly house and net house etc. Growth, development, productivity and post harvest quality parameters of capsicum crop largely depend on the interaction between the genetic constitution of the plants and environmental conditions under which they are grown. Basically bell pepper is a cool season tropical crop and lacks adaptability to varied environmental conditions (Yoon et al. , 1989). CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. 0 Study area The study area is Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State. Nsukka is a town and Local Government Area in South-East Nigeria in Enugu State. It is made up of 16-towns, namely Opi, Eha-ndiagu, Alo-uno, Okute, Anuka, Nsukka, Obimo, Ede-oballa, Edem, Ibagwa-ani, Okpaligbo, Lejja, Obukpa, Eha-alumona, Ibagwa-aka, and Okpuje (Nsukka L. G. A. Information Office, 2004). Other towns that share common border with Nsukka, such as Enugu Ezike, Orba and Obollo-Afor (formerly centre of the palm oil trade), Ede-Oballa, Uzo Uwani and Mkpologwu, now also claim the name Nsukka, hence they all collectively fall into the political zoning system in Nigeria known as Senatorial Zone. As of 2007 Nsukka Cultural Zone had an estimated population of 1,377,001 (en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nsukka). Nsukka L. G. A has an area of 1,810 km? and a population of 309,633 at the 2006 census. The area lies between latitude 60 45’ and 70 00’Nand 7019’E of the Greenwich Meridian. The mean temperature is between 270c and 280c. The two prominent climatic seasons are the rainy season, lasting from April to October, and the dry season lasting from November to March (Ofomata, 1978). The vegetation is a derived savannah type. The trees found here are usually drought resistant. Some patches of relief forest, which lie mainly on the hill tops or valley sides, are evident that this area was once densely forested. However most important parts of this area abound in grasses which form an important aspect of the rural economy for it is used for fencing and house roofing (Ugwunkwo, 1997). The primary occupation of these people is farming, although trading and civil service jobs also exist. The people of Nsukka practice the mixed cropping system. The main crops that are grown are cassava, Nsukka yellow pepper, vegetables, cocoyam, sweet potato, legumes such as cowpea and pigeon pea. Agricultural production constitutes a major source of income for a greater percentage of the population (Ugwunkwo, 1997). 3. 1 Sampling layout and procedure The green pepper seeds were grown in a nursery and then transplanted to the field. The nursery was made in a basket. White sand, manure and top soil were mixed in a ratio of 1:2:3 and then poured into the basket as the planting media. Two litres of water were applied daily before the seeds were planted. After three days the media was turned again, so as to dissipate heat and ensure uniform mixture, after which fungicide was then applied on the media surface. The seeds were planted by broadcasting and covered with saw dust. The nursery was watered daily with two litres of water until transplanting was done. Emergence began a week after planting. The green pepper seedlings were transplanted after 41-days (1-month and 10-days) from first emergence because total emergence and growth rate was slow. Four 2-metres by 1-metre beds were made in the field, each bed containing 8-seedlings, transplanted from the nursery basket, with a spacing of 50cm by 50cm between the crops. 30-litres of water per bed were applied, using a watering can, before transplant and after transplant another 7. 5-litres was applied. The four beds were then watered every day with 15 or 7. 5 litres of water per bed, depending on water availability, till the field work was completed. Three weeks after transplant 0. 568kg of N. P. K 20:20:15 were applied per bed, each plant receiving 0. 0321kg using the ring method of fertilizer application, with a distance of 5cm from the plant body. 15-litres of water per bed were applied and the beds weeded before the fertilizer was applied. Four seedlings that did not survive after transplant were replaced. Weeding was done e very two weeks using a hoe till the end of the field work. 20-days after first fertilizer application 0. 0241kg per plant of urea was applied to 8 stands which seemed to be lacking nitrogen, in terms of leaf colour and plant height compared to the other crop stands. The crops began to flower 48-days (1-month and 17-days) after transplant and 0. 0261kg per plant of N. P. K 20:20:15 were again applied to encourage proper fruiting and flowering. Harvest began three weeks after flowering with 0. 39381kg of green pepper fruits harvested collectively from the four beds on the first day of harvest. The fruits sold for 350 naira at the price of 50 naira per fruit. Harvest was done every week for 6-weeks with a total of 2. 96616kg of green pepper harvested at the end of the sixth week. The field work lasted for a total of 4-months and 2-weeks from the nursery to last harvest, although the crops were still fruiting at a diminished rate giving very little fruits that ripen too fast coupled with grasshopper infestation causing the field work to be abandoned. 3. 2 Data collection Data collection was primary. Data collected include time taken to complete each activity per day in the field: bed making, transplanting, weeding, watering, fertilizer application, and harvesting; amount of water applied, amount of fertilizer applied, weight of fruits harvested and the selling price. . 3 Data analysis Objective one was analyzed by finding out the activities carried out in the process of green pepper production such as cultural practices, method of water application, best means of fertilizer application, technique of plucking the fruits from the crops. Objective two was analyzed using gross margin analysis and objective three was achieved using descriptive statistics such as me an, mode and percentage. Gross margin is the difference between total revenue and total variable cost. GM= TR-TVC Where TR= Total revenue TVC= Total variable cost; GM= Gross margin

Starbucks - Special Blend of Coffee (Quality Management Case Study)

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Management forStarbucks Coffee. Answer: Introduction There has been taken two renowned organizations for having a comparative analysis of the total quality management systems of both the organization. The first organization chosen is Starbucks. In 1971, the company was established with the name Starbucks Coffee, Tea, and Spice. The organization keeps on snowball its revenues since its year of establishment. In the year 1992, there was a public appearance of Starbucks Corporation. Presently the company is well recognized and identified for its efficient customer services, huge operations and extensive number of stores globally. There were 8,870 owned supplies and 8,139 licensed outlets of Starbucks by the year 2011. The company has effective quality management processes and systems which are recognized globally (Starbucks, 2016). The second company chosen is McDonalds; it was established in the year 1940. The first establishment was in the United States by the efforts of two brothers Maurice and Richard. It is recognized the largest fas t food supply chain from the global perspectives. McDonalds possess a very efficient total quality management system which is very much significant by the successful operation of its extensive number of outlets worldwide. There will be a comparison of TQM of both these organizations as well the impact of their TQM on their customer service, leadership and strategic planning (McDonalds, 2016). Literature Review TQM of McDonalds The total quality management system of McDonalds is found to be very efficient as it focus on majorly all the aspects of business which it can earn brand recognition and revenues. The main focus of the TQM is over the involvement of the employees, the organization ahs wide engagement with employees in context with change, decision making and other aspects. McDonalds also have a greater focus over the customers and their preferences and develop its product portfolio accordingly. There has been develop a benchmarking by the company and as per which it works so that there can performance measure and any inefficiency can be measures and corrected (Johnston and Jones, 2004). There is great emphasis over the continuous improvement approach and thus there are regular improvements in the processes and approaches. McDonalds have created a quality circle which helps in identification of work problems and resolving them as early as possible. The company used six sigma strategies by which there is an effective improvement in the overall working of the organization. There are also reduced cycle time and critical working approaches which makes the TQM system much robust (Vignali, 2001). Impact of TQM Over the Customer Service, Leadership and Strategic Planning There is a strong relationship between the TQM and strategic planning, leadership and customer services. The TQM system of McDonalds also impacts these segments as the company has effective strategic planning as by evaluating the needs and requirements of the customers the company tries to incorporate and implement the considerable changes in its strategic planning so that the targeted quality management goals can be accomplished (Johnston and Jones, 2004). There are strategic tools such as priority matrix etc. which helps the company in targeting right set of customers. The customers are highly satisfied with the processes and working McDonalds but there are few health related concerns which are evolving with time like obesity, risk of diabetes, increased cholesterol level etc. which the company needs to consider and provide nutritious food for the health conscious customers (Lashley, 1998). TQM of Starbucks The total quality management system of Starbucks is found to highly efficient and robust as the company takes use of the best management practices and approaches in its working. By analyzing the logistics and distribution of the company it is found that Starbucks have extensive number of distribution channels which helps in eradicating redundancy and maximizing the efficiency of the business operations (Rodrigo,2012). There is a fine quality control process which checks the overall quality of the manufacturing process as well as the other methods involves in delivering the finest services. The products which are offered are completely customer driven and are in accordance with the preferences of the customers (Moon and Quelch, 2003). There is always a kind of innovation in the products, services and operations of the company which attract the customers. For attaining supreme quality in the products, the company incorporates various initiatives such as visiting the countries where cof fee beans are grown and check the quality by themselves (Paryani, 2011). Impact of TQM over the Customer Service, Leadership and Strategic Planning The TQM of Starbucks is highly recognized and well-efficient. It provides high customer satisfaction through its renowned services and quality products. There is an excellence in the systems of TQM of the company which provides a better approach to the strategic planning as the mangers are the sound leaders which takes care of the quality of the products offered and are also identified as an ethical organization which takes use of all possible approaches to provide the distributors, manufacturers and the farmers with high grants and cooperation for serving the finest quality of services. The strategic planning of the company is also very robust as they take use of best strategic tools for its business processes (Geereddy, 2012). Research Methodology The research is a comparative research where there has been done a comparative analysis of both the companies in context of their total quality management systems and its direct impact over the strategic planning. The comparative research is based on the secondary data sources. Data Collection Most of the data ids collected from the secondary sources such as the information related to the companies are taken from their websites and various articles. The data related to their quality systems, strategic planning are also been taken from the various sites and articles and business reports. The literature review is based on the journal articles and the scholarly articles of various authors. Data Analysis The analysis has been performed by considering the value chain, tools and strategies and processes of both the companies. The supply chain analysis has also been taken use for evaluating the efficiency of operations management of the organizations. In the analysis it is found that he total quality management system of Starbucks is comparatively stronger than that of McDonalds as the company focuses more on the quality of its services as well as on the health and satisfaction of the customers. Conclusions and Recommendations From this report based on comparative analysis of two organizations i.e. Starbucks and McDonalds it is analyzed that both the companies possess a great total quality management system which helps these companies in attaining higher profits and an expensive customer basis. There are few more innovative approaches used by Starbucks which makes the organization a bit stronger in comparison with McDonalds. To have more effective TQM, McDonalds must implement few innovative processes so that it can deliver much healthy products as well as can improve the quality of its products such as expanding its portfolio by increasing the healthy and nutritious beverages and drinks. Starbucks can also improve its strategic planning by developing a more sustainable as well as responsible supplier base so that there can be rapid growth and development. References Geereddy, N. 2012. Strategic Analysis Of Starbucks Corporation. Group, O, 2016. Get end-to-end excellence throughout your retail supply chain. Accessed on: 11th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.groupo.com/supply-chain-solutions/integrated-retail-solutions Johnston, R. and Jones, P., 2004. Service productivity: Towards understanding the relationship between operational and customer productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53(3), pp.201-213. Lashley, C., 1998. Matching the management of human resources to service operations.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,10(1), pp.24-33. McDonalds, 2016. McDonald's History. Accessed on: 11th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcdonalds-history.html Moon, Y., Quelch, J. 2003. Starbucks: delivering customer service. Harvard Business School. Paryani, K. 2011. Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3(7), 1-14. Retailmantra, 2013. How Does McDonalds Manage its Supply Chain in India ? Accessed on: 11th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.retailmantra.com/how-does-mcdonalds-manage-its-supply-chain-in-india/ Rodrigo, 2012. Supply Chain Management in Starbucks and its impact on Company Performance. The writepass journal. Accessed on: 11th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://writepass.com/journal/2012/11/supply-chain-management-in-starbucks-and-its-impact-on-company-performance-2/ Starbucks, 2016. Company Information. Accessed on: 11th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://www.starbucks.com/about-us/company-information Vignali, C., 2001. McDonald's:think global, act local-the marketing mix. British Food Journal, 103(2), pp.97-111.

Apple Inc Strategy

Core Issues Facing Apple Despite Apple Inc. recording spectacular growth and profitability in recent years, the company still faces a number of challenges.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Apple Inc Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these challenges include increased competition, maintaining its position in the market, dynamic technology, and the challenge of resource allocation between the traditional products and the emerging products such as iPods, Apple TV and iPods. The company also has to handle issues relating to its retailing approaches to enhance the company’s product decision (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). Significance of the Issues Facing Apple To this far, the growth and profitability of Apple has been based on competencies such as superior technology, innovative products and empowered employees. The development and design of hardware and software brought sweeping innovations, thus, offering the consumers superior products rich in value. From Apple 1, the company was able to develop different brand products such as the iPod, iPhone, and iTunes. Hence innovation has been a key competitive advantage for this company. In spite of this, competitors such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, Nokia, and Sony are continuously introducing innovative products and applications which rival Apple’s products. Apple, therefore, has to put up with competition from these companies that provide subsidiary products and services such as Microsoft’s Zune product that is more or less Apple’s iTunes (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). This threatens the company’s success and market place. This implies that the company must endeavor to grow its market and maintain its market position. Primary and Secondary Issues The primary issues Apple has to face are the stiff competition and the dynamic technological innovations in the business e nvironment. In the technology industry, it has to compete with companies like Nokia and Sony. These competitors often offer products that are low priced, potentially impacting on the value of apple products. Having diversified on the products it offers, maintaining its competencies is a primary issue that cannot be ignored. Having depended on marketing, innovation and relationships to succeed, Apple must manage the broader products to maintain its wide consumer base. Apple has to place efforts in sustaining brand innovativeness due to the dynamic technological developments.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondary issues facing Apple include resource allocation and utilization of retail outlets (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). Given the expectations of consumers, the company must focus on strategies that will promote brand exposure, perhaps by expanding the ret ail outlets and employing more sales staff. Most Substantial Competitive Advantage Apple to Focus on Innovation remains the most substantial strategy for Apple. This is particularly pertinent in protecting its brand image and market base. This can be done by maintaining and upgrading the capabilities of products to create entry barriers to the competitors. Investing in its human resource by creating an atmosphere favorable for creativity and innovation is also a core competitive advantage. Empowered personnel are able to interact well with the consumers hence generating significant input for the design of the brand. This is essential in innovating products that are customized to consumer specifications (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2009). Physical stores that serve as retail outlets have also strengthened and created brand awareness. These outlets serve as customer care avenues as the sales people help the consumers become conversant with Apple’s products. This grew the m arket share and increased Apple’s revenue and profit. How Apple Should Exploit their Competitive Advantage Apple can apply incremental innovation to enhance the capability of existing products so that to maximize their value and lifespan; and therefore, promoting brand loyalty. Retail stores and online stores serve to increase brand exposure as they act as distribution networks. The company will focus on opening more retail and online stores in order to exploit the competitive advantage fully. This will be essential in broadening the consumer base and providing support experiences, hence raising market penetration. Reference Richard Ivey School of Business (2009). Strategic planning at Apple Inc. IveyAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Apple Inc Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case study on Apple Inc Strategy was written and submitted by user Andrea Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hank Williams Jr. essays

Hank Williams Jr. essays Throughout all of time, music has been a very important part of many cultures. These cultures and the peoples background, of these cultures, have greatly influenced their works. But, one the most diverse cultures in todays world, as far as music goes, would have to be the United States of America. It is influenced by so many races, from so many places. The music in the U.S. also changes from generation to generation. Someone oftentimes influences many music artists in their own generation, and in some cases by their own family members. One such incident happened back in the seventies and produced one of the greatest country singers of our time. This mans name is Hank Williams Jr. and was very greatly influenced by his father, who was also a very famous country singer during his time. Hank Williams Jr. is a very skilled man in his area of music and to this day still influences country music. Hank Williams Jr. was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on May 26, 1949. His real name is Randall Hank Williams Jr., but to many people he was known as Bocephus. Bocephus, was a nickname given to Hank Jr. by his dad when he was still an infant. He has lived in a couple of places in the south throughout his life. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee and he then moved to Banks, Alabama. He now has homes in Montana and Tennessee. Hank Jr. is the son of country legend, Hank Williams. His dad was one of the first and most enduring of country musics superstars(Kilgore 1). His works were very influential upon Hank Jr. He died when Jr. was only three. His mother was Audrey Sheppard Williams, who was also a country singer. She was responsible for getting Hank Sr. to Nashville and for getting Hank Jr. to perform on stage at an early age. His mother and father were very important factors in determining the outcome of Hank Williams Jr. Hank Williams Jr. is an accomplished musician. He can ...

Viewing The Bill And Melinda Gates Foundation Through Organizational Essay

Viewing The Bill And Melinda Gates Foundation Through Organizational Theory - Essay Example It will then analyze how these theories apply to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BGMF) and how they impact this unique organization. The paper addresses some specific aspects of institutional theory and network theory and develops an understanding of how BMGF utilizes these theories and how they are reflected in the foundation's philosophy, governance, and strategy. "Organizations are technical instruments designed as a means to definite goals. But they also have a natural dimension. They are products of interactions and adaptation, they become the receptacles of group idealism...". Organizational analysis is relatively new among the sciences as a field of study, coming out of the latter years of the 19th century as industrialization became more technological (Scott, 2004). Originators of organizational management, among them Taylor, Weber and Mayo, believed there was one best way to manage an organization, and all recommended single, universal solutions to management problems, though they did not agree on what the solutions should be. There are many theories and models offered by researchers that delve into the inner workings of organizations and provide a rich and complex view of organizations. Zucker (1987) believed that normative pressures that arise from external factors such as the state and factors from within the organization drive organizations (p.443). Some have believed that there is only a single best way to define an organization, but it has eluded theorists and modern organizations have presented new challenges. 3. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: An Overview The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) was instituted as a philanthropic institution to relive the suffering of the poor and deprived people across the world. Beginning in 1997 as a foundation to aid education in the Northeast, it diversified in 2000 to focus more effort toward improving global health (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007). The foundation has a substantial endowment fund that it dispenses to the poor and needy and helps to

Chose one of them Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Chose one of them - Article Example In writing this, the author has ended up comparing apples to oranges to form a path of discovery. Later in the passage, the author admits to the limitations offered by stone tools in order to discover more about human origins. There the author relates that our pens, markers and personal digital assistants would be able to reveal little about us except that we write. In stating this, he is absolutely right. Stone tools can only indicate that human beings were using tools to achieve certain ends. Further down the line, the author has expressed sentimentally that recent investigation proves that stone tools can offer only limited insight into human evolution. However, the author seems disappointed in such an argument because he holds initially that stone tools offer sizable insight into human evolution. Given that this text is an academic investigation, it hardly makes any sense for the author to display his personal sentiments in order to deliver a point of view held by certain profess ionals. This text is also differentiated because the author has modified an excerpt from C. S. Lewis’ novella The Screwtape Letters. The modified text is satirical and has been used rather injudiciously to criticise fellow archaeologists and their unsound professional practices.

External and Internal Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

External and Internal Environments - Essay Example Segments of General Environment Affecting the Company: Environmental internal and the external factors both affect the function ability of the any company. Internal factors are the controllable factor prevailing within the firm. Whereas external factor accounts for those factors which are beyond the control of any firm. One of the external factors affected the pricing strategy of a single product of Microsoft. The factor was one of the macro environmental factors of the external environment affecting the entire information technology industry. One of the factors was the political and legal forces. This did not directly affect the marketing ability of the company but indirectly clouted the marketing decisions of the company. For Microsoft political and legal external environmental forces lead profound influence on the decision making and strategy department of the company. Changes in the political and legal field hugely affected the marketing decision of the company. These forces are the macro economics forces which affects the overall industries. XBOX 360 is one of the products of Microsoft which comes under the Interactive Entertainment Business division of Microsoft. The issue which came to the picture depicted that the use of lead free solder was the source for lack of strength in the XBOX 360. So prohibitions were brought by government for the usage of lead and mercury cadmium. Following this issue the European Union announced the banning of lead and mercury Cadmium on every product used by any companies in the IT industry. It assures that the external environmental issues affected not only Microsoft but also the entire IT industry (Cornwell, n.d., pp. 1-4). Social and cultural forces of the external environment also affect the marketing concepts of the company. It assures that the firm should take a go ahead in eliminating the detrimental product. As an effect of the same Microsoft stated working to pertain technology to noteworthy environmental issues and collaborated with European Environmental Agency (Microsoft, Corporate Citizenship, 2013). Porter’s Five Forces: Michael Porte’s five forces of competition give a brief of a simple model helpful in assessing and scrutinizing the competitive strength and situation of a certain firm in respect to its competitors. Porter’s five forces lead to a competition of the rivals of the industry. Two of the forces are existing competitive â€Å"entry of competitors† and the second is â€Å"threats of substitute products†. Threats of substitute products are the potential threats from the competitors within the industry regarding the products. Microsoft faced threats from the competitors in the field of personal computer software market. Its close competitors were MAC OS, Sun Solaris, Linux, various structured browser, lotus notes etc. This lead to a high degree of competition amongst the IT companies within the industries regarding their close substitutes. But i n this aspect the government had a different view. As per the government Microsoft did not face any such threats from the competitors regarding he close substitutes. Rather it enjoyed a monopoly in the middle level market due to its pricing strategy. They also added another reason that the software markets are

The Life And Work Of Euclid

The Life And Work Of Euclid While studying geometry with Euclid a youth inquired after having learned the first proposition, What do I get by learning these things? Euclid called a slave to them and said, Give him threepence, since he must make a gain out of what he learns. [8] Euclid, a Greek mathematician and teacher, changed the course of the world. Euclids work not only affected the work of other prominent scientists to come after him, but also the lives of ordinary people, which contributed to the rise of modern science in western civilization. What is perplexing is that despite him changing the course of world, we know very little about him. Unlike some other well-known historical figures, Euclids influence did not spread simply by fame. Historians dont even know his exact date of birth. To this day, we do not know which continent he was born on, much less the city. Of the little we do know about Euclid, we know that he taught in Alexandria around 300 B.C. [9], and that he wrote, amongst approximately 10 other books, arguably one of the greatest mathematical textbooks in history, The Elements. The Elements is a geometry textbook that unified all of the previously known principles of geometry. It was unique in that it was constructive in its delivery of its principles. Basically, it explained mathematic principles from the ground up and added onto what was already established. Imagine trying to study science if one concept didnt flow into the next and everything was garbled and out of order. The Elements solved this problem through careful organization and logical delivery of its principles. The Elements wasnt a revolutionary observation or a new and exciting revelation, but rather a book of brilliant deductive reasoning, analysis, and organization. The Elements was explained so well that every Geometry textbook preceding it was practically discarded, and because of this the term Euclidean wasnt necessary or used for over two thousand years because there was no other known form of geometry[17]. Concerning Euclids deductive reasoning and analysis, his axiomatic systems are most prominent. His axiomatic systems are considered to be constructive. [18] This means that he never reached any conclusions or spoke about concepts that he did not yet explain to the reader. He arranged the geometric theorems so that they flowed logically from one to the next. [9] For example, he started with the simplest of concepts such as describing a geometric point and worked his way into derived propositions. [16] More specifically he took a small number of axioms (self-evident logical truths) and deduced many other theorems from them. He even filled in the blanks whenever it was necessary by filling in the missing steps absent from others processes, and even by developing his own proofs [9]. For example, Euclid proved that it is impossible to find the largest prime number. He proved that if you were to take the largest known prime number and 1 to the product of all the prime numbers leading up to it and including it then you will get another prime number. This is accepted as being one of the classics proofs in mathematics because of how clear and concise it is. [5] Euclid put a lot of effort into making it possible for common people to understand geometry rather than just professional mathematicians. How the natural flow and style of explanation of The Elements affected the world is self-evident. Since it is easier to understand scientific concepts when they are communicated clearly and concisely and delivered in a logical order, Euclids book made it much easier for the people to acquire a complete understanding of geometry. As newborns in this world often one of the first things we get to play with are blocks of different geometric shapes. This helps us to develop our minds both visually and mathematically. Euclidean shapes are quite literally everywhere in our society. Unlike Calculus where there is usually a fixed method for solving a given problem, when it comes to geometry, using Euclidean axioms allows people to solve any one problem in several different ways. It also inspires development of problem solving skills. One of the ways Euclidean geometry has been applied and influences our day to day lives is through construction and architecture. For example, if somebody wants to construct a wooden table. If they wanted to figure out if it was square or not they could measure each corner of the table to see if it was at a 90 angle. With Euclidean Geometry, however, they would need only to measure two of the corners. The properties of right triangles within The Elements tells us that if two corners are square then the whole shape is square. This is probably very obvious to a person of our modern day, but it was not at the tme. Unless you are a mathematician you may not even know who such properties can be attributed to and just consider them common knowledge. Another, less obvious way they could have done this is to have measured the distance between two diagonal corners of the table. If the two distances are the same then the table must be a square. The latter method I have described is a common wa y for construction workers or home-improvement workers to check their work. There are countless examples of this that common people can utilize in their everyday lives with the principles of Euclidean Geometry. Euclids influence doesnt end there. Examples of Euclidean geometry can be found in modern day computer graphics. It is used in mesh generation. A mesh is basically a combination of geometric polygons or polyhedrons that create the illusion of a curve. Although the Euclidean Geometry may be widespread within western civilization, in some third world countries there are houses are constructed as lop-sided indeterminate shapes. This is a real-life example of what our architecture would have looked like without Euclids influence.[4] It is fair to say that the study of Euclids book was one of the main contributing factors to the Scientific Revolution and subsequently the rise of science in Europe rather than in Asia. The Elements made the concept of one principle being built upon another glaringly obvious and, over the course of time, it became considered common knowledge in western civilization. Of course, scientists such as Newton, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo played significant roles as well [9], but as Sir Isaac Newton said If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants [21]. Euclids book provided for us, not just a shoulder, but an entire foundation built of giants shoulders that would have otherwise been scattered and disorganized. This solid base of knowledge allowed western civilization to reach new heights. For example, when it came to Isaac Newton and his book, Principles Of Natural Philosophy, many of his proofs were set in a geometric form similar to those found in The Elements . [12] As it is with any great work of science, The Elements allows others to build upon it or advance into new areas of discovery. Some men, such as Girolamo Saccehri, have tried to disprove or find flaws in Euclids axioms. Saccehri was an Italian mathematician who in 1733 almost discovered a form of non-Euclidean geometry. He studied for years to find a flaw in Euclids work. He was supposedly on the verge of a breakthrough but gave up before his work came to fruition. It wasnt until about a hundred years later in 1899 that a German mathematician by the name of David Hilbert found another set of geometric axioms that differed from Euclid. [13] Non-Euclidean geometry allows us to describe physical space in new ways. Following Hilbert came another German, by the name of Albert Einstein. Einstein recalls receiving two gifts that had particular influence on him as a child, one a magnetic compass, and the other Euclids The Elements. He referred to The Elements as the holy little geometry book. [3] Another example of a great scientist that was influenced by Euclid is Galileo Galilei. In his old age Galileo told his biographers that while attending the University of Pisa he would nose-drop in on lectures being given by Ostilio Ricci to the court pages on Euclid. These lectures were only available to members of the court so he would try to stay quiet whenever he attended them. His interest in Euclid got the better of him after a while and he approached Ricci to ask him questions on Euclid. Ricci noticed Galileos talent for math and eventually became his teacher. Although Galileo was supposed to be going to college to study medicine, (Galen) he secretly studied mathematics (Euclid) instead. Galileo later used Euclids Book Five, Definition Five, to show how bodies of certain arbitrary weight have weights directly proportional to their volumes. [2] This is one of the best examples how influential Euclids work was to anybody with a mind for mathematics and how he changed the course o f history by capturing the interest of a man such as Galileo. Euclids work also influenced philosophers such as Benedict Spinoza. Benedict Spinoza was a prominent philosopher of 17th century. He wrote the ambitious philosophicical book Ethics where he attempts to provide us with a coherent view of the universe and our place in it. To explain such concepts he used Euclids style of delivery complete with axioms and propositions. Speaking of the system within his book and the style in which he chose to present it in Spinoza said that it was demonstrated in geometrical order. [23] Usually philosophical books were written differently, such as Rene Descartes Meditations that was written like a diary. When it comes to mathematicians I think every mathematician alive since the time of Euclid had to have been influenced by his work in some form or another, but, of some of the most prominent mathematicians, Euclid specifically influenced the work of Bertrand Rusell, Alred North Whitehead, Blaise Pascal, Marin Mersenne , and Adrien-Marie Legendre. Interestingly enough Bertrand Russell, an English 20th century mathematician and logician, used Euclids work to push mathematics into the next level by explaining to people in his book An Essay On The Foundations Of Geometry [11] how Euclidean Geometry was being replaced by more advanced forms of geometry. Both Russell and Whitehead were co-authored the epoch Principia Mathmatica in which they referenced Euclid a number of times as evidence in their work. Pascal, a 17th century French mathematician, received a copy of Euclids Elements as a boy and before the age of 13 he had proven the 32nd proposition of Euclid and discovered a flaw in Rene Descartes geometry [25]. Mersenne, also a 17th century French mathematician, used Euclids proof on prime numbers to develop his own ways or forms as they are called, making it even easier to find large prime numbers. Prime numbers are important to modern day society because they are used in cryptographic software security systems. Basically, large prime numbers can be implemented into coding schemes that are difficult to break. Legendre, a 19th century French mathematician, wrote his most famous book Elà ©ments de Gà ©omà ©trie based entirely off of The Elements. In it he sought to simplify Euclids propositions even further. Elà ©ments de Gà ©omà ©trie was used in elementary school classrooms for over a 100 years. [13][24][6] Euclid influenced politicians such as Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln, as a lawyer traveling on horseback would carry a copy of Euclids Elements in his saddlebag. According to his law partner, at night Lincoln would lay on the floor for hours at night studying Euclids Elements by lamplight. [5] He was a great admirer of the logical delivery of information that The Elements contained and used Euclids systematic approach in many of his speeches. It is no coincidence that the phrase dedicated to the proposition bears such striking similarities to Euclids axioms. Lincoln, speaking of his study of Euclid, said, In the course of my law reading I constantly came upon the word demonstrate. I thought at first that I understood its meaning, but soon became satisfied that I did not. I said to myself, What do I do when I demonstrate more than when I reason or prove? How does demonstration differ from any other proof? I consulted Websters Dictionary. They told of certain proof, proof beyond the possibility of doubt; but I could form no idea of what sort of proof that was. I thought a great many things were proved beyond the possibility of doubt, without recourse to any such extraordinary process of reasoning as I understood demonstration to be. I consulted all the dictionaries and books of reference I could find, but with no better results. You might as well have defined blue to a blind man. At last I said,- Lincoln, you never can make a lawyer if you do not understand what demonstrate means; and I left my situation in Springfield, went home to my fathers house, and stayed there till I could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid at sight. I then found out what demonstrate means, and went back to my law studies. [1][5] The astronomers Johannes Kepler and Nicolaus Copernicus were also influenced by Euclids work. When it came to Keplers approach to astronomy he depended almost entirely on Euclid. Kepler, much like Galileo studied Euclid while attending a university (Tà ¼bingen). Kepler was a devout Lutheran and considered Euclid geometry to be the only geometry that could be applied to the heavens and refused to use any other form of geometry because he considered such forms to be heretical. He developed a proof of concerning planetary motion based entirely off propositions found in The Elements [22]. Copernicus used Euclids work on optics as evidence in his book On The Revolutions Of The Celestial Spheres which was considered the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the scientific revolution. All these great men of science were not able to use Euclids work as evidence simply because he was well known or famous for doing something exciting and spectacular. It was the intellectual quality of Euclids work that made the difference. We dont know enough about Euclid to either love him nor hate him and unless you happen to be a mathematician, his work is undoubtedly not awe inspiring. Nevertheless, Euclid still managed to affect some of the most important figures of the Scientific Revolution by setting the foundations necessary for the development of modern science. Sources: 1. The Lincoln year book, written by Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865, passage 32 2. Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography, written by Stillman Drake, pages 2-3 3. Einstein as a Student, written by Dudley Herschbach, page 3 4. How To Use Euclidean Geometry, written by Henri Bauholz, http://www.ehow.com/how_4461018_use-euclidean-geometry.html 5. Euclid, Math Open Reference, http://www.mathopenref.com/euclid.html 6. Great Scientists: from Euclid to Stephen Hawking, written by John Farndon, 2007 7. A Chronicle of Mathematical People, written by Robert A. Nowlan 8. Geometry Quotes, History of Mathematics Archive, http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~john/MT4521/Lectures/Q1.html 9. The 100: A Ranking Of The Most Influential Persons In History, written by Michael H. Hart, 2000 10. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Euclid 11. The Teaching of Euclid, written by Bertrand Russell, http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Extras/Russell_Euclid.html 12. Isaac Newton, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton 13. Mathematicians Are People, Too: Stories from the Lives of Great Mathematicians, written by Luetta Reimer Wilbert Reimer, 1990 14. The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450, written by David C. Lindberg, 2008 15. Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers, written by Jan Gulberg, 1996 16. Euclids Elements, written by D.E. Joyce, http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/elements.html 17. Euclid, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid 18. Axiomatic Systems for Geometry, written by George Francis, 2002 19. The Thirteen Books of the Elements, written by Euclid / Thomas L. Heath 20. Mathmatical Thought, University of Arkansas, http://math2033.uark.edu/wiki/index.php/EuclidHYPERLINK http://math2033.uark.edu/wiki/index.php/Euclids_ElementsHYPERLINK http://math2033.uark.edu/wiki/index.php/Euclids_Elementss_Elements 21. Newton: Understanding the Cosmos, New Horizons, Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, 1676, as transcribed by Jean-Pierre Maury, 1992 22. KEPLERS PLANETARY LAWS, written by A. E. Davis, http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Keplers_laws.html 23. Spinoza and Jefferson, The Teaching Community, http://teachingcompany.12.forumer.com/viewtopic.php?t=2147 24. A History of Mathematics, written by Carl B. Boyer, 1985 25. The History of Computing Project, Blaise Pascal, http://www.thocp.net/biographies/pascal_blaise.html

Essay --

Even in the short term, the women’s movement is the detonator which will explode neopatriarchal society from within. If allowed to grow and come into its own, it will become the permanent shield against patriarchal regression, the cornerstone of future modernity. Hisham Sharabi, Neopatriarchy Introduction During the week long demonstrations at Tahrir Square, Egyptian women defied the socially accepted behaviors and opposed stereotypes. Oppressed by an autocratic regime that they deemed no longer effective women revolted along with the youth movement and labor unions during the Arab Spring of January 2011. Driven out of the public conversation women were subject to coordinated scare tactics by the government and on the streets of Cairo. No longer remaining silent, Egyptian women fought for full integration into public life but they battle tradition, culture and religious attitudes about gender roles. Almost every woman has experienced some form of oppression. Even in western culture women challenge perceived gender roles too. During the 1963 March on Washington, African-American woman questioned leadership about their role in the March. Acknowledging the main focus of the March was about jobs and education. African-American women unwillingly accepted the subordinate role to further the discussion on race relations. Repeatedly, women are expected to wait for equality and the discussion of women’s rights. Deep seated societal attitudes about segregated gender roles keep women from participating politically and becoming full citizens. In this essay, I will first examine the impact of traditional gender roles on Egyptian women who participated during and after the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, as well as, the role of African America... ...ssues of sexism would have to be addressed with the male leadership before going forward in the movement. After Tahrir Square Segregation, voting rights, refusal to give up her bus seat galvanized the bus boycotts in Montgomery, Alabama ending bus segregation. Even Ella Baker Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee conducted the first lunch counter sit-in in 1960 by North Carolina AT&T students. As more people heard about the protests their participation was met with same opposition-your voice is not needed here. Social behavior dictated an patriarchal attitude that relegated women to of In the United States but Egyptian women were mingling with men voices but Conclusion Revolutions are rare dramatic events that rapidly and violently transform political, social, and economic institutions from below.

Marketing Orientation Sample Essay

Marketing orientation is a concept of an organization which underlines that the company`s success is mainly based on customers` satisfaction. The stress here is put on valuing consumers` needs and wants first of all. â€Å"A marketing oriented firm (also called the marketing concept, or consumer focus, or customer focus) is one that allows the wants and needs of customers and potential customers to drive all the firm’s strategic decisions. The firm’s corporate culture is systematically committed to creating customer value. The rationale is that the more a company understands and meets the real needs of its consumers, the more likely it is to have happy customers who come back for more, and tell their friends† (wikipedia). Marketing orientation concept evolved between the late 1960s and early 1970s. Firstly, it was developed at Harvard University. Marketing orientation replaced production orientation and sales orientation which were prevailing before. By this time numerous researches were made in order to investigate marketing orientation more thoroughly and make necessary conclusions about the influence of this concept. However, understanding of marketing orientation is not clear and is discussed from different points of view. There are studies which propose philosophical approach towards marketing orientation and there are those which turn to behavioral notion of marketing orientation. I would like to mention opinions of several researchers towards the topic of marketing orientation. Desphande and Webster, like many others, share ideas of philosophical and cultural qualities of marketing orientation. â€Å"In their study in 1992 they use the term  «customer orientation » to describe a specific set of beliefs that puts the customers’ interests first and ahead of those of all other stakeholders (e.g. owners, managers, employees) which, in their view, should be considered as part of a broader, and more fundamental, corporate culture† (mcm.aueb.gr/†¦/Gounaris/Marketing_Orientation_and_Its_Development.pdf). On other way, marketing orientation is viewed as specific company behavior. Trout and Ries (1985), for example, perceive marketing orientation as an effort to compile market intelligence upon which the effort to build a competitive advantage is based. Elliot (1987) considers satisfying customers` needs important but insufficient, and proposes strategies for achieving customers` satisfaction to be just a part of marketing orientation concept which should combine many other features. More developed marketing orientation improves company`s performance—there is a direct connection. Many companies may prosper using marketing orientation, and some fail. The difficulty is that marketing orientation is specific, it combines particular culture and behavior of a firm. So, once a company decides to concentrate on consumers` satisfaction and apply marketing orientation there are many challenges and innovations coming into company`s philosophy. First step of the company is to investigate customers` expectations. Later, products or services are produced considering the information obtained from performed investigation. The final part is to follow and evaluate consumers` satisfaction in order to make necessary adjustments. And so it becomes a continuous process for the company in order to keep track and continue to improve business. There are many methods and approaches used in marketing orientation. The ideal model of marketing oriented company would include all necessary marketing activities. There is marketing research in order to identify customers` wants, research and development production developing the products according to consumers` wishes, pricing which undermines value of the product to customers, distribution to the right place at the right time, and promotion in order to inform customers of the product. Marketing oriented company should also possess characteristics such as: marketing research and product innovation techniques, broad product lines, possibility of ancillary services, customer support, tight organizational structure. I consider marketing orientation to be a very positive and necessary concept. Basically, customers are those who make business prosper. So, the more company listens to the expectations of consumers and the more loyal and understanding is the philosophy of the company, the more customers it will attract—and more profit will be attained using rather ethical, as to my opinion, approach to business. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Avlonitis G. and Gounaris S., â€Å"Marketing Orientation and Company Performance: A Comparative Study of Industrial vs. Consumer Goods Companies†, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 26, no.5 (1997) 2. Bonoma T., â€Å"The Marketing Edge: Making Strategies Work† (1985) 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_orientation 4. mcm.aueb.gr/†¦/Gounaris/Marketing_Orientation_and_Its_Deve lopment.pdf

The Government of The Roman Empire

The Government of The Roman Empire Free Online Research Papers The Romans did not have a complex vision of government. Their philosophy and implementation of rule was quite simple. They believed that government should cover two broad categories of control: settling disputes between communities or individuals, and assembling men, goods, or money – jurisdiction and exaction. This philosophy would allow for the little bureaucratic involvement by the empire in the daily affairs of Romans and that of Rome’s conquered peoples. The Romans ruled conquered nations by the Polis, the same standards that they ruled themselves by. Aristotle claimed that the best model for the Polis was the very nature of a good friendship. The Polis precedes the individual; that it is the family, the original polis, and the social group from which our natures as individuals, as mother, father, friend, teacher, arise. He claimed that virtue is the middle ground between excesses, a balance point. What must be practiced in order to be virtuous is anger at the right objects: anger at injustice, for instance, is proper. Rage is not virtuous because it is excessive and uncontrolled. Courage is virtue at the balance point between heedlessness and cowardice, which are both excessive forms of the same thing. The developed Polis depends on friendly relations among members, and lasting friendly relations depend on virtue. The Roman Empire recognized three distinct forms of rule and order: magistrate, a roman government official; soldier, highly respected for their rigorous training, long amounts of marching, fighting in precise formations, and ability to kill their opponent; master of the household, the head male figure of the household. All activity in the empire can be linked with one of these roles. This again relates to the natural order that the Polis teaches both in political and philosophical practice. Rome has also been accused of bureaucracy on the grounds that they took excellent written records of events as they occurred. From taking the minutes of a court hearing or government meetings to the accumulation of archives Romans understood the importance of keeping accurate records. However, virtuosity in the public service should not be confused with professionalism. Research Papers on The Government of The Roman EmpireBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital Punishment

Rhetorical Analysis of Moby Dick Google Docs Essays

Rhetorical Analysis of Moby Dick Google Docs Essays Rhetorical Analysis of Moby Dick Google Docs Paper Rhetorical Analysis of Moby Dick Google Docs Paper relationships, morality and the meaning of life. This arouses interest in the reader by forest widowing future events. In a tragedy, things are bound to go awry, so this connection made by Melville gives insight to the probable future of the crew. Through including short directions, although only riffle, Melville serves to both interest and include the audience in the unravel ling plot and to foreshadow to contribute to building suspense throughout the novel. Captain ABA largely uses appeals to the crews emotions through his diction and language in this chapter. The use of pathos is essential to persuade his crew t o search for Mob Dick and to avoid any mutiny or rebellion. Before even proposing his plan, Ah ABA instantly sets them up by asking them a multitude of questions. For example, he asks What do ye do when ye see a whale, men? Naturally, the crew replies as they are expected to. By poss. Eng things as questions rather than orders, the men are instantly more prepared to listen a ND obey Abss commands. Melville even notes that they themselves became so excited at s such seemingly purposeless questions. Abss speech of the pain Mob Dick has inflicted on him is illustrated by loaded language that not only is used to arouse the crew, but to appeal me continually to the audience. As ABA presents them with his plan to capture and kill Mob Dick, he receive s little opposition. However, Struck, being most rational, questions why a voyage meant to make a refit has evolved into a mad hunt for just one whale for the sole purpose of vengeance. ABA refutes his sensible argument through using a logical fallacy known as Bands agony. He claims that the rest of the crew has happily complied to going after Mob Dick. ABA replies, The crew, man, the crew! Are they not one and all with ABA, in this matter of the whale? None of the other men had happily complied, but rather, nobody had the sense or c our age to speak up like Struck. Despite this, Struck immediately submits to ABA without Hess taxation. Through Abss rhetoric, a highly charismatic yet extremely domineering side of ABA I shown. This strong character development adds a completely new element to the story. T he audience is now made aware of the premise of the rest of the story. As Abss insanity is begin inning to be revealed, the looming disaster of the Piqued is foreshadowed. Also, ABA use s appeals to sympathy, which also influence the crew and the reader as well to feel that his need to revenge is more reasonable. ABA clever use of language and rhetoric in this chapter hell as to set the stage for the rest of the novel. In the Quarter Deck, dialogue is a prominent feature, being strung throughout the entire chapter. Since this chapters main point is for ABA to reveal the true purpose of the voyage, dialogue is essential. It serves to not only add interest to the chapter, but to g eve the reader a more hellbender view of the events occurring. The reader can not only be e exposed to Seamless response, but the reactions of the entire crew. Again, similar to stag e directions, this connects the story to a tragedy format. While preceding chapters were chaff lull of Seamless personal thoughts and accounts, this chapter is a sudden switch to more of a dramatic play format. This maintains the audience interest by keeping variation in how the s Tory is narrated, while effectively increasing the suspense that begins to build from this chapter r on. Also, had Abss plan been simply told through Siamese retelling it, the reader would view the voyage completely differently. Siamese himself was brainwashed by ABA into believing his need for revenge is somewhat understandable. Although he has more insight than others, he is still relatively oblivious to the fact that Abss plan can only lead t o doom and disaster for the entire crew. By hearing the events of this chapter through dial guy, and directly seeing how ABA presents his plan, the audience has an advantage over the men by being able to see through his manipulation. In all, dialogue is an extremely important com anent of this chapter which gives the reader a better understanding of the situation the Pee quad and the crew is really in. In addition, imagery is a component that is used in the chapter, and continue d throughout the entire novel. In this scene, circles are especially emphasized. ABA sesame bless the crew into a physical circle, while also pulling them into his own imaginative sphere of his win perverted vision of revenge against Mob Dick. Melville illustrates that ABA stands while e his three mates stood at his side with their lances, and the rest of the ships company formed a circle round the group. This symbolism is shown again when he ABA says Round with it, ROR ND! and again when he exclaims, Advance, ye mates! Cross your lances full before me. Well done! Let me touch the axis. By now ABA has successfully bound the entire crew to him. He stands in the center of this circle he has fabricated, while the men radiate around him chug HTH in this sphere of is imagination. This is representative of how the men have now become .NET angled in Abss deranged obsession. Without much choice, they are forced to submit to ABA as he controls each of them. This circle imagery really solidifies how ABA has completely maniple dated them to gain control over them. A circle is also representative of ABA himself because he is complete in him elf and does not listen or pay attention to anything outside the realm Of this circle who ICC encompasses his infatuation with avenging Mob Dick. He is so focused on this that anything g else has no significance to him.

Assisted Living Observation Student Learning Essay

Assisted Living Observation Student Learning - Essay Example He also has dry, wrinkled, and flaccid skin. He also stated that his life had greatly changed when he became a widower after 40 years of having good memories with his wife. I also noticed that despite of his age, he still has a sharp memory and can recall most of his past experiences. After having a conversation with the older adult, I looked for resources that would help me relate my observation of the older adult to the expected age-related changes. Delaune and Ladner stated that degenerative changes related to aging such as decrease in the size and responsiveness of pupils to light and thickening of the lens cortex contribute to the loss of visual acuity among older adults (p. 370). The use of dentures is expected because older people lose their teeth for a variety of reasons. Dry, wrinkled, and flaccid skin are expected conditions that occur with aging because the skin loses many of the properties that help make it appear youthful. After a major life event, such as death of his spouse, it is expected that changes in relationships and roles typically occur. With regards to memory, it is a common misconception that all older adults suffer from senility. As one ages, the memory impairment may range from mild to severe; indicating that memory gaps may vary accord ing to the level of functioning of the older adult (Delaune and Ladner, p.

The Differences in Performance Between Various Companies Research Paper

The Differences in Performance Between Various Companies - Research Paper Example There are a number of Work/Life events where employees at SAS get guidance on other matters that may affect their productivity at the workplace. During these events, all the employees interact and share the problems as a collective unit. All these activities give the employees motivation to work hard as well as creating a cohesive group. According to Thibaut and Kelley’s classic (1959) interdependence theory, alternatives give rise to options. As such, if the costs are more than the rewards, they are likely to leave the group, but if the rewards are more than the costs, they are likely to stay on and work hard to ensure that there is a success in the group (Attractions). The work environment at the SAS Company is unique making the employees motivated from the rewards within the group. This makes them stay in the company and work hard towards its success. Another successful company that deals in computer software are Cisco. The company provides high salaries to its employees in comparison to other companies. Cisco communicates the long-term strategy indicating that the work, which employees do, is more than just a job (CNN, 2011). They, therefore, strive to change the way employees work and live by giving them a comfortable pay. This gives the employees motivation since they work hard hence the success of the company. Further insight into Thibaut and Kelley interdependence theory highlights the issue of rewards and costs comes in place (Attractions). The salary, which the employees at Cisco Company receive, is high thus their allegiance to the company. The Company trains its employees on the culture to embrace.

Write a journal assignment (Have you been bullied, bullied someone

Write a journal (Have you been bullied, bullied someone else or stood by while someone was bullied ) - Assignment Example When the victim passed by, the bully looked at him with hatred and the boy almost immediately hung his head to avoid his intimidator’s gaze. Suddenly, the bully sprung on the victim, boxed him on the head twice and kicked his side then, he hurriedly run away. The attack was abrupt and unexpected that the victim had nothing else to do but lift himself up and cry quietly. Surprised myself, I did not know what to do. I just watched the victim with a pathetic heart as he slowly walked home with his head bent with embarrassment, perhaps trying to hide his tears. Remembering this event, I think that if the incident did not happen so fast, I still might not have done anything to stop the bully. He was a big person and he could have easily harmed whoever went against his will. Moreover, he was the son of a well-known person and I do not think that I could have the guts to fight against a prominent person’s

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Theif Essay Example for Free

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Theif Essay Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief is an amazing book (in my opinion) that was created by Rick Riordan. I enjoyed this book a lot because of all the detain that Mr. Riordan had put into the book and with all of the facts about Ancient Greek myths, I picked it out in the first place because I had became really interested in finding out about different cultures which included Greece . The main character, Percy Jackson, lives in New York city with his mother, Sally Jackson his lazy step-father, Gabe Ugliano. Later on in the story, Percy finds himself living in Camp Half-Blood with his best friend, Grover Underwood. Camp Half-Blood is for children with Greek Godly parents. All children who go to the camp have ADHD Dyslexia. The camp is on Long Island Sound and is funded by a strawberry farm that the camp takes care of. I think that the book is placed in the modern days. You can figure it out because in the camp, you are forbidden from bringing any electronics, such as cell phones since it can easily attract monsters. One of the main events in the book is when Percy and his class are on a field trip to the Museum of Natural History. As his history teacher, Mr.  Brunner babbles on about the museum, Ms. Dodds (a teacher who came along) pulls Percy away from the group and into the Roman Greek center. Just after entering the room (no one else is in there), Ms. Dodds turns into this hideous monster with glowing red eyes, wings long fingers. Obviously, she wasnt human. Ms. Dodds lunges at Percy (who was still confused and shocked) until Mr. Brunner comes running into the room. The history teacher throws a pen at Percy and out comes a sword that Mr. Brunner used in class during special events. Percy kills Ms.  Dodds after that (she turns into gold dust) and later returns to the school bus. Nobody in his class remembers Ms. Dodds when Percy asked Grover, he looked very nervous before replying. Obviously, something was going on. A second major event is when Percy and his mom go to Montauk stay in a cabin at the beach where his mother and father had met. Later at night, a hurricane is starting to form Grover suddenly shows up with (as Percy describes it) Shag carpet pants on . Grover urges Percy and his mom to leave immediately the three of them hop into Sallys car. Percy soon learns that Grover is actually a satyr though he had called him a half-goat at first which offended Grover. As their car speeds away from the cabin, a strike of lightening hits the car which makes the car swivel into a ditch giving them an image of a beast of some sort charging towards their car. The three of them escape the car and run (Though Grover was unconscious). The beast was actually a minotaur (half-man, half-bull) and it kills Sally. Percy builds up his strength and pulls out its horn and stabs it, turning it into dust. He soon passes out. That event gave Percy the urge to go rescue is mother from the Underworld. . Later in the story, Percy finds out who his father really is. The camp decides to play capture the flag. Percy is assigned to patrol a small creek by Annabeth Chase (daughter of Athena) is suddenly attacked by a group of Ares children, Clarisse La Rue her siblings. They came back for revenge because he had humiliated her and her siblings by shooting toilet water in their faces just as Clarisse was about to shove his face into the toilet. Clarisse charges at Percy with her electric spear given to her as a gift and Percy stumbles into the creek. Instead of feeling weak, he suddenly feels a sudden surge of power go through his r his head. Poseidon. . . Earth shaker, Storm binger, Father of horses, Hail Perseus Jackson. son of the Sea God. body. But then something happened. The water seemed to wake my senses, as if Id just had a bag of my moms double-espresso jelly beans . Percy, suddenly feeling a lot of strength, fights back against Clarisse her siblings until they are all defeated. Percy even snaps Clarisses spear in half. Luke Castellan (son of Hermes) captures the flag for Percys team Percy tries to step out of the water, suddenly feeling weak again. Suddenly, a black hound the size of a rhino, with lava-red eyes and fangs like daggers appears out of nowhere and attacks Percy, ripping through his armour. Chiron (Aka: Mr. Brunner and centaur) shoots several arrows at it and Percy staggers back into the water and an image of a trident appears ove Another main event is when Percy finds out who had stolen Zeus Master Hades Helm of Darkness before returning to camp half-blood, Percy had gotten into fight with Ares, the God of War. The war God had given Percy a backpack in the beginning of his quest inside of it was Zeus bolt the entire time. Ares confesses that he stole the Helm of Darkness and Lightning Bolt from the original thief, planning on making a war between Hades Zeus. Percy and Ares get into a fight Percy eventually wins, earning the Helm of Darkness, A helmet of Hades that was stolen from him. Percy, Annabeth Grover fly to New York from California to return the bolt to Mt. Olympus on the top of Empire State Building. Percy returns the lightning bolt alone while Annabeth Grover go back to the camp. After returning the bolt, Percy meets his father and who had acknowledged him as his son. Percy returns to Camp Half-Blood as a hero at the end of summer, Luke Castellan confesses to Percy that he had stolen the bolt helm before attempting to kill him with a scorpion. Luke runs away while Percy is saved by a group of wood nymphs . The main character is of course, Percy Jackson . He is described fairly tall, good looking with bright green eyes and jet black hair. Percy is introduced as a troubled twelve year old. His green eyes often remind his mother of his father. Percy is considered very troubled. He gets irritated when called by his first name which is Perseus and has been expelled from every single school that he had been to. Throughout the book, Percy becomes stronger in both physical and mental ways. He becomes more brave, confident, and learns that he is a natural leader. Percy is also very willing to risk his life for others. He showed that trait by journeying to the underworld to get his mother back. Percy hopes that he can bring back Zeus Master Bolt get his mother back before its too late. Percy is described the protagonist in the book while the antagonist isnt exactly shown until later in the book. While Percy, Annabeth and Grover do the best they can while out on the quest, Luke Castellan was the unsuspecting villain. Luke always acted nice towards Percy, trying to get close. When he had given Percy flying shoes to help him in the quest, Luke had meant it to lead Percy to his death. Overall, I enjoyed this book a lot and I give it a nine out of ten. The book is filled with lots of adventure (theres never a dull moment) comedy things that people now a days would consider, fake or untrue even though it is very interesting. I recommend this book to all ages but a bit more to people ages 10 to 12, even teenagers. I recommend it around that age because thats around the age where you start to become more curious about things out there in the world. You start to become more open and realize what you really are interested in and Percy Jackson and The Lightning Thief is a great book to realize what types of book genre youre interested in it helps show you that there is always a hidden potential inside of you.